Chen, C., Tan, R., Wong, L., Fekete, R., and Halsey, J., “ Quantitation of microRNAs by real-time In particular, even though the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method shows high sensitivity (down to 10 fM) and high-throughput ability, it requires miRNA extraction, amplification, and calibration steps ( Chen et al., 2011 10. Moreover, analytical sensitivity and specificity are further hindered by a generally low signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, an accurate and robust quantification of circulating miRNA biomarkers in blood for early stage, metastatic or recurrent diseases is still a major challenge due to high sequence homology, complex secondary structures, and low concentration levels.įurthermore, due to the low amount of target miRNAs, large volumes of clinical samples-from a hundred to several millilitres-are typically required, which only few conventional detection systems can directly handle without sample preparation and volume reduction. MiRNAs in cardiovascular diseases,” Heart, Lung Circ. M., Xia, K., Salma, U., Yang, T., and Peng, J., “ Diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic role of circulating A., “ Circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for neurodegenerativeĦ891– 6910 (2014). Grasso, M., Piscopo, P., Confaloni, A., and Denti, M. A., and Pantel, K., “ Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs inĬancer,” Nat. Schwarzenbach, H., Nishida, N., Calin, G. It has been demonstrated that the expression levels of circulating miRNAs are correlated with the different states of various diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases ( Schwarzenbach et al., 2014 33. P., “ MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short (approximately 18–23 nucleotides), single-stranded, non-coding endogenous RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression via target miRNA degradation or translational repression ( Bartel, 2004 3.
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